Rutgers Anatomy 2 Practice Test

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• What primarily composes the renal medulla?
• What type of cells secrete insulin to lower blood glucose levels?
• Which granulocyte is most abundant and specializes in phagocytizing bacteria?
• During inhalation, which of the following occurs?
• At which point does the trachea bifurcate into the main bronchi?
• Which chamber of the heart is primarily responsible for pumping oxygenated blood to the body?
• Which hormone is associated with the body's "fight or flight" response?
• Which type of lymphocytes matures in the bone marrow to produce antibodies?
• Where does fertilization of the egg typically occur?
• What regulates metabolism, enhances protein synthesis, and stimulates lipid breakdown?
• What condition can arise from an accumulation of acids or loss of bases due to obstruction of air movement?
• Which blood vessel carries deoxygenated blood from the body to the heart?
• What is the inner lining of the trachea composed of that includes goblet cells?
• What part of the heart is responsible for pumping oxygenated blood to the body?
• Which condition is defined by stunted growth, intellectual disability, and a low metabolic rate?
• What structure is formed at the superior end of the ureter?
• Compared to veins, arteries have more of which characteristic?
• During which phase of the ovarian cycle does the mature follicle release an egg?
• What disease causes sickled red blood cells as an adaptation to malaria?
• Which factor of the vocal cords controls the pitch of the sound produced?
• What is the more common name for the thyroid cartilage?
• What protein is responsible for stimulating milk production?
• What is the largest type of blood cell?
• What is the primary means by which water is lost from the body?
• In which organ is progestin primarily produced?
• What is the term used to describe the alternating contraction of the atria and relaxation of the ventricles?
• Which substance is secreted by the kidneys to help monitor blood pressure?
• In what organ does the majority of tubular reabsorption occur?
• What term describes the pressure that causes net fluid movement due to solute concentrations?
• Which glucocorticoid is involved in glucose metabolism and can be stimulated under stress?
• What is the function of the renal corpuscle?
• Which protein accounts for 36% of the dissolved proteins within plasma and influences lipid-soluble vitamins?
• What are platelets made in the red bone marrow known for?
• What organ is responsible for regulating all aspects of bodily fluids and controlling blood pressure?
• What is formed when bicarbonate ions react with excess hydrogen ions in the bicarbonate buffer system?
• What disease is characterized by hyperthyroid issues and often includes protruding eyes?
• What hormone stimulates the secretion of gastric juice in response to food?
• In which form do the majority of carbon dioxide molecules exist in the body?
• What percentage do red blood cells account for in blood makeup?
• How does urine exit the body after passing through the kidneys?
• Which type of hormone is responsible for stimulating the secretion of sex hormones?
• What is the term for a clot that occurs in an unbroken vessel and can result in a heart attack?
• What is released from the ovary during ovulation?
• Eggs and estrogen, along with sperm, are classified as which type of hormones?
• By stimulating which type of cells does calcitonin increase calcium and phosphate ion concentrations?
• Which thyroid hormone, despite accounting for only 5% of its total production, is more potent?
• Where are agranulocytes primarily produced in the human body?
• Which organ metabolizes carbs, lipids, and proteins while also filtering blood?
• Which type of sperm differentiates to become a primary spermatocyte?
• During inspiration, what type of relationship exists between pressure and volume?
• A loss of acids or accumulation of bases will result in what condition that is commonly associated with anxiety and hyperventilation?
• Which component of blood is primarily responsible for the transport of carbon dioxide?
• What type of pressure is exerted by proteins in blood plasma and interstitial fluid?
• Which anatomical passageway serves both air and food?
• Which structure prevents backflow into the right atrium?
• Which system of control is more responsible for long duration activities such as reproductive and digestive processes?
• Which anatomical structure is formed by the maxilla and palatine bones in the mouth?
• What is the primary function of the bronchial tree?
• What is the primary function of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) in both males and females?
• Which organ acts as both an exocrine and endocrine gland, producing digestive enzymes?
• Which cells are responsible for secreting glucagon to increase blood glucose levels?
• What is a possible complication of untreated erythroblastosis fetalis?
• Which valve separates the left atrium and ventricle?
• Which cells inhibit the secretion of both alpha and beta cells by producing somatostatin?
• This granulocyte is known for attacking parasites and moderating allergic reactions.
• What does the interventricular septum separate?
• What hormone decreases urine formation to aid in water retention and may increase blood pressure?
• What process accounts for 10% of the body's obtained water and is derived from cellular activities?
• What system is responsible for the chemical and mechanical breakdown of foods into absorbable forms?
• What is the volume of air that can be inspired following a normal, quiet expiration called?
• What gland secretes adrenocorticotropin hormone?
• What is the term for the amount of air breathed out after a normal breath?
• Which hormone leads to increased heart rate and elevated blood pressure during stress?
• What triggers the end of the luteal phase in the absence of pregnancy?
• Which structure primarily helps prevent aspiration during eating?
• Which glands secrete internally and are most commonly associated with hormones?
• In the protein buffer system, which group ionizes to release hydrogen ions?
• Which fibrous membrane surrounds the cortex of the kidney?
• What does monohydrogen phosphate combine with when acting as a weak base in the phosphate buffer system?
• What supplies 75% of the liver's blood supply?
• Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils are classified as what type of cells?
• Which protein plays a crucial role in blood clotting?
• Where do epinephrine and norepinephrine originate from in the body?
• The upper folds of the vocal cords are known as what type of vocal cords?
• What percentage of plasma is composed of water?
• What does the P wave of an ECG represent?
• When there is a decrease in hydrogen ions in the blood, which process aids in restoring pH balance through respiratory regulation?
• What is the process called that involves filtration of plasma in the glomerular capillaries?
• Which protein accounts for 60% of the dissolved proteins in plasma and helps regulate osmotic pressure?
• What condition is characterized by high levels of thyroid stimulating hormone and can lead to neck swelling?
• Which type of cells provides long-term immunity by preventing reinfection from the same disease?
• Which type of cell is primarily responsible for the immune response against infections?
• Which lung is larger and consists of three separate lobes?
• What is the primary function of erythrocytes in the human body?
• Which type of cartilage composes the thyroid cartilage?
• What is the role of osteoclasts in relation to calcium metabolism?
• What effect does epinephrine have on digestive activity?
• What does oxygen primarily bind to during transport within the bloodstream?
• At what stage does gametogenesis occur during the reproductive cycle?
• What structures are known as the "heart strings" that prevent backflow to the atria?
• Which volume reflects the combined capabilities of tidal volume and expiratory reserve volume?
• What happens to the thoracic cavity during contraction of the diaphragm?
• Where does sperm mature within the male reproductive system?
• Which valve helps prevent the backflow of blood in the left ventricle?
• What type of feedback system stimulates an increase in production of a hormone?
• What process moves substances from the blood into the renal tubule?
• Which cells can directly attack virus-infected or cancerous cells in the body?
• Which of the following best describes the function of the renal pelvis?
• Which condition is primarily associated with insufficient levels of thyroid hormones?
• Which valve separates the right atrium and right ventricle?
• What is the name of the structure that houses the vocal cords and connects the pharynx to the trachea?
• Which cell type is NOT involved in the immune response?
• What part of the brain contains the dorsal and ventral groups that control the respiratory system?
• What role does the diaphragm play during the breathing process?
• Which hormone is primarily responsible for controlling blood calcium levels?
• What fluid has high concentrations of sodium, chloride, calcium, and bicarbonate ions?
• What lines the inner wall of the thoracic cavity?
• Which volume represents the amount of air remaining in a person's lungs after fully exhaling?
• Which enzyme is responsible for breaking down proteins into amino acids, in addition to trypsin?
• Which hormone is released during childbirth to help with milk ejection?
• Which structure within the respiratory system is primarily responsible for gas exchange?
• What is the additional amount of air that can be expired from the lungs after normal expiration called?
• How does the body respond to fertilization?
• Which hormone is known to prevent ovulation during pregnancy?
• What condition occurs when an artery in the lungs gets blocked by a blood clot?
• Which bone acts as a separator between the nasal cavity and the cranial cavity?
• What do hepatic cells secrete that is essential for digestion?
• Which condition can result from an excessive production of thyroid hormones?
• What physiological role does erythropoietin primarily serve in the body?
• What occurs when the mother produces anti-Rh antibodies that cross the placenta?
• Which valve lies between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery?
• What initiates the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle?
• Which node electrically connects the atria and ventricles?
• High concentrations of what ions are characteristic of intracellular fluid?
• As the partial pressure of carbon dioxide, pH, and temperature increases, what happens to the production of oxygen?
• What substance is produced in interstitial cells and includes testosterone in its classification?
• What is required to effectively activate a T cell?
• Which cells are responsible for recognizing antigens and activating B cells?
• Which muscles elevate the sternum during inspiration to create more space in the thoracic cavity?
• How is the maximal amount of additional air drawn into the lungs after normal inspiration defined?
• What is the largest protein found in the plasma?
• What does the adrenal cortex release to manage the concentrations of mineral electrolytes?
• Calcitonin functions to lower calcium and phosphate ion concentration by inhibiting which type of cells?
• What hormone primarily regulates the menstrual cycle?
• What structure contains sperm receptors specific for human sperm?
• What is the region of the aorta directly attached to the heart that passes superiorly towards the head called?
• Where do precursor T cells migrate to in order to undergo specialization after being formed in the red bone marrow?
• What is the primary function of the pulmonary circuit?
• What is the main function of a thrombocyte?
• What term describes the entrance of the renal sinus, through which blood vessels, nerves, lymphatic vessels, and the ureter pass?
• Which term refers to the volume of air present in the lungs at the end of passive expiration?
• What forms a shell around the renal medulla and dips between renal pyramids?
• What is the name of the expansion at the end of a renal tubule that receives fluid from the glomerulus?
• As the branches of the bronchial tree get smaller, what component increases in concentration?
• What is the region of the aorta that passes inferiorly towards the feet called?
• Which term refers to the remaining air in the lungs that is not exhaled during a forced expiration?
• What system is known for managing the "rest and digest" functions of the body?
• What type of pericardium has a double layer and reduces friction?
• What term describes the abnormal accumulation of extracellular fluid in interstitial spaces?
• Which hormones can supplement sex hormones from the gonads and may be converted into estrogen?
• What happens to the reabsorbed solutes and water after tubular reabsorption?
• What muscles allow for a greater than usual exhalation during expiration?
• What is the correct sequence of blood flow starting from body tissues?
• What hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland stimulates spermatogenesis?
• What cells are primarily responsible for transporting oxygen throughout the body?
• Which cells are known as "assassins" that mature in the thymus?
• Which part of the pituitary gland releases hormones?
• What role does the respiratory system play in the body?
• Which type of hormones will pass through the cell membrane?
• Which type of hormones must bind to particular receptors within the cell membrane due to being water soluble?
• The left chambers of the heart primarily maintain the __________.
• The right chambers of the heart mainly serve to maintain what?
• Glucagon is secreted by alpha cells in the pancreas in response to what condition?
• Which hormone controls the secretion of hormones from the outer layer of the adrenal gland and may increase due to stress?
• What physiological process is directly involved in water recycling within the body?
• Which system of control is characterized by rapid and precise responses?
• What mechanism helps to create a hypertonic medullary interstitial fluid?
• Which type of sperm maintains a supply of undifferentiated cells?
• At what stage will mitosis resume and spermatogonia form while testosterone increases?
• What condition can result from blockage of the pulmonary arteries?
• Which stable pressure drives filtration out of the capillary?
• What is known as the heart's "natural pacemaker"?
• What hormone do the kidneys secrete to aid in the regulation of red blood cells?
• What is the primary function of the zona pellucida?
• What is the lifespan of red blood cells primarily influenced by?
• What term describes the first reproductive cycle in females?
• Which organ stores bile between meals and concentrates it?
• What is the role of estrogen in the reproductive cycle?
• What describes the greatest volume of air that can be forcibly expelled from the lungs after taking the deepest possible breath?
• What term describes the normal volume of air displaced between normal inhalation and exhalation without extra effort?
• Which circuit sends oxygen-rich blood and nutrients to all body cells?
• What is defined as the volume of air inhaled or exhaled during normal breathing?
• What protects the trachea and maintains its open structure?
• Which valve lies between the aorta and the left ventricle?
• Which follicular cell is responsible for making up 95% of thyroid hormones?
• What condition impairs the regulation of ADH and affects water retention in the kidneys?
• What structures filter out harmful particles from lymph before it re-enters the bloodstream?
• During expiration, what elastic structure is responsible for pushing upwards?
• Which side of the pituitary gland is more neurologically based and releases anti-diuretic hormone and oxytocin?
• What condition may cause alveoli to collapse due to its effects?
• Which event marks the beginning of a new menstrual cycle?
• What is known as the force generated by the pressure of fluid within or outside of a capillary on the capillary wall?
• Which hormone stimulates the division of cells and is usually secreted the most during sleep?
• Which blood cells have a lifespan of normally about 10 days?
• Where is the interatrial septum located in the heart?
• What is the primary mineralocorticoid that causes the kidneys to increase Na+ and decrease K+ ions?
• Which area of the brain is most influential for involuntary respiration control?
• What component of blood is crucial for the initial stages of wound healing?
• What type of epithelial tissue are capillaries primarily composed of to facilitate gas and nutrient exchange?
• What substance is responsible for reducing the tendency of alveoli to collapse?
• What term is used for the phase of the menstrual cycle during which the uterine lining thickens?
• Which type of peptide increases glomerular filtration and renal excretion of sodium and water?
• Which circuit sends oxygen-poor blood to the lungs to pick up oxygen?
• Which system regulates the release of bicarbonate ions to maintain pH balance in the blood?
• What component of bile helps emulsify fats and aids in their absorption?
• What type of gland secretes to the outside of the body utilizing ducts?
• What does the QRS wave of an ECG represent?
• What is the muscular layer of the heart called?
• Which part of the body prevents food from entering the larynx?
• What is the average pH range of the human body?
• What function is responsible for converting strong acids into weak acids in the body?
• Which pericardium protects and anchors the heart?
• Which hormone is involved in the breakdown of lipids?
• What type of fibers carry impulse to distant regions of the ventricular myocardium?
• What term describes a foreign substance that triggers an immune response in the body?
• What is the term used for a thrombus that becomes lodged in pathways to the lung?
• What percentage of white blood cells is comprised of lymphocytes?
• What structure forms after the egg is released during ovulation?
• What is the sequence of structures urine passes through after formation in the nephron?
• Which vessels carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart?
• In the human body, what is the role of buffers?
• Red blood cells are formed in which type of bone marrow?
• What is the role of dendritic cells in the immune system?
• Besides urine and sweat, what is another major means of water loss in the body?
• What is the term for the involuntary muscle movements that push contents through the intestine?
• What is the name of the process where the nephron removes water and solutes from tubular fluid and returns them to the bloodstream?
• Which type of blood cells have a larger surface area for gas transport and lack nuclei?
• What part of the body does the pharynx connect to?
• What vitamin is activated by the kidneys to regulate the absorption of calcium?
• Which part of the brain controls the release of hormones and is known as the "Big Boss"?
• Which granulocyte releases heparin and histamine to promote inflammation?
• Which structure in the heart prevents backflow into the right atrium?
• What does the contraction of the phrenic nerves stimulate, resulting in increased volume and decreased pressure?
• What term refers to the cells that support, nourish, and regulate spermatogenic cells?
• What does the T wave of an ECG represent?
• The hymen is a thin membrane made of connective tissue and which type of epithelial tissue?
• What is the main function of hemoglobin in the blood?
• What do red blood cells break down that is processed by the liver?
• What structure enters the upper part of the interventricular septum and divides into right and left bundle branches?
• What contributes to the elastic recoil of the lungs during expiration?