Which organ acts as both an exocrine and endocrine gland, producing digestive enzymes?

The pancreas is unique because it functions as both an exocrine and an endocrine gland. In its exocrine role, the pancreas produces and secretes digestive enzymes such as amylase, lipase, and proteases into the small intestine to aid in the breakdown of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins during digestion. This secretion occurs through ducts, specifically the main pancreatic duct, which merges with the common bile duct before entering the duodenum.

In its endocrine capacity, the pancreas contains clusters of cells known as the islets of Langerhans, which release hormones directly into the bloodstream. Key hormones produced include insulin and glucagon, both of which are crucial in regulating blood glucose levels. The dual functionality of the pancreas is essential for maintaining digestive health and metabolic homeostasis within the body.

The liver primarily functions as an exocrine gland in producing bile but does not produce digestive enzymes in the same manner as the pancreas. The kidneys play a significant role in filtration and homeostasis but do not produce digestive enzymes or act in an endocrine capacity related to digestion. The stomach primarily serves a role in digestion through the secretion of gastric juices but does not have the dual functionality of the pancreas.